先引一首詩歌。
求主祝福我手所獻、我所計劃一切事工。
惟靠信心、志向、意念,其餘一切在主手中。〈求主祝福我手所獻〉
Twila Paris 曲.黃永熙譯
這是教會選用的奉獻詩,已唱了多年。原詩如下:
O bless the gifts our hands have brought;
And bless the work our hearts have planned.
Ours is the faith, the will, the thought;
The rest, O God, is in Your hand."O Bless The Gifts"
Music by Twila Paris and words by Samuel Longfellow
某天,驚覺歌詞中譯有問題。
問題出在「祝福」一詞。
那是讀過陳耀南教授〈上帝永不祝福〉一文後的醒悟。文章原載《明報月刊》二零一一年五月號,明月網站現存一句摘錄:「唯一的神——上帝——只能『賜福』,不會——永不會——『祝福』……」
不錯,問題在於中文既有「祝福」,也有「賜福」。
不翻字典,我們也知道從神而來的是「賜」。那「祝」呢?稍稍一想,當我們祝你這祝你那的時候,不就表明了「我們其實是無能為力的,只能祈盼你得到不知從哪裡來的神助」嗎?
因此,把「願神賜福」誤說成「願神祝福」,大抵是因為「祝福」實在太順口了。然而,久而久之,恐怕非但我們的中文能力會下降,到時連神也會被降格成只能求他神賜福的神——「祝福」本就指求神賜福。
說得太嚴重了嗎?
也許吧,但這本來就是中文,本來就是聖經。
有人查考,證明和合本把「祝福」和「賜福」分得清清楚楚。試看〈創世記〉和〈民數記〉(相關字詞以粗體字標記):
耶和華對亞伯蘭說:「你要離開本地、本族、父家,往我所要指示你的地去。我必叫你成為大國。我必賜福給你,叫你的名為大;你也要叫別人得福。為你祝福的,我必賜福與他;那咒詛你的,我必咒詛他。地上的萬族都要因你得福。」(〈創世記〉12:1-3,和合本)
Now the Lord said to Abram,
"Go out from your country, your relatives, and your father's household
to the land that I will show you.
Then I will make you into a great nation, and I will bless you,
and I will make your name great,
so that you will exemplify divine blessing.
I will bless those who bless you,
but the one who treats you lightly I must curse,
so that all the families of the earth may receive blessing through you." (Genesis 12:1-3, NET)
耶和華曉諭摩西說:「你告訴亞倫和他兒子說:你們要這樣為以色列人祝福,說:『願耶和華賜福給你,保護你。願耶和華使他的臉光照你,賜恩給你。願耶和華向你仰臉,賜你平安。』他們要如此奉我的名為以色列人祝福;我也要賜福給他們。」(〈民數記〉6:22-27,和合本)
The Lord spoke to Moses: "Tell Aaron and his sons, 'This is the way you are to bless the Israelites. Say to them:
"'"The Lord bless you and protect you;
The Lord make his face to shine upon you,
and be gracious to you;
The Lord lift up his countenance upon you
and give you peace."'"
"So they will put my name on the Israelites, and I will bless them." (Numbers 6:22-27, NET)
神賜福,人祝福。
上面說因為「祝福」實在太順口了,所以大家都把「願神賜福」說成「願神祝福」。
當然還有別的原因,例如填詞的限制。
「祝」「賜」聲調不同,填「祝」的地方大多不能填「賜」,這在粵語詩歌尤其明顯,就像 ACM 經典詩歌〈主賜福你〉,既有第一節的「求主恩賜福你」,也有第二節的「求主祝福你」。讚美之泉有〈耶和華祝福滿滿〉(台語詩歌)。順帶說說,讚美之泉的〈這一生最美的祝福〉倒未必是「祝福、賜福」的問題,但我以為應該是「這一生最美的福氣」才對。
牧者傳道在講壇上「求神祝福」,我們勉強還可以說他們一時失言,但如果詩歌歌詞出現「求主祝福」,後果則無疑誤人子弟。我承認過往也曾錯填「祝福」,後來全都改了過來——算是毀滅了罪證吧。
我想,詩歌作者有多一點語文根底、多一點神學根底,還是好的。
我們要謹記:文法錯誤,也會引致神學錯誤。
後記(這個後記比正文還要長!):
日前讀到詞壇前輩一段文字,當中前段剛好談到「祝福」「賜福」的分別,後段則提及「仰臉」一詞。文中認為〈民數記〉6:26 所說的「願耶和華向你仰臉」可能會惹人誤會「耶和華要仰望人」,並引用新譯本的譯文「願耶和華敞臉垂顧你」作為參照。
然而,敞臉又是甚麼意思呢?《漢語大詞典》說是「方言。沒有遮攔。」經文明顯不是用這個釋義。
敞,原意是張開、打開,和合本用過 21 次,大都是指著門窗等,唯一一次指著「臉」是在〈哥林多後書〉3:18:
我們眾人既然敞著臉得以看見主的榮光,好像從鏡子裏返照,就變成主的形狀,榮上加榮,如同從主的靈變成的。(和合本)
But we all, with open face beholding as in a glass the glory of the Lord, are changed into the same image from glory to glory, even as by the Spirit of the Lord. (KJV)
這裡的「敞著臉」,正好與 KJV 的 "with open face" 對應。
後來和合本修訂版改譯了這節經文(下面另引數個譯本以資比對):
既然我們眾人以揭去面紗的臉得以看見主的榮光,好像從鏡子裏返照,就變成了與主有同樣的形像,榮上加榮,如同從主的靈變成的。(和合本修訂版)
我們眾人、臉上既是揭去了帕子,就如同鏡子返照主的榮光,都變了形質,成為同一的像,榮上加榮,正是從主、就是靈、變化成的。(呂振中譯本)
我們眾人臉上的帕子既然已經揭開,反映主的榮光,就變成主那樣的形象,大有榮光。這是主所作成的,他就是那靈。(新譯本)
至於我們大家,臉上的帕子既然已經揭開,像對著鏡子看見主的榮光,就變成與主一樣的形像,榮上加榮,如同從主而來的,主就是那靈。(新漢語譯本)
And we all, who with unveiled faces contemplate the Lord's glory, are being transformed into his image with ever-increasing glory, which comes from the Lord, who is the Spirit. (NIV)
And we all, with unveiled faces reflecting the glory of the Lord, are being transformed into the same image from one degree of glory to another, which is from the Lord, who is the Spirit. (NET)
引這許多譯本,無非想說明「敞」一直只有打開的意思。新譯本的「願耶和華敞臉垂顧你」雖加上「垂顧」補充意思,仍然不比「願耶和華向你仰臉」較易令讀者明白。新譯本在翻譯〈詩篇〉4:6 時也不再用「敞」而用「仰」:「耶和華啊!求你仰起你的臉,光照我們。」
那麼,究竟〈民數記〉6:26 的「仰臉」是甚麼意思呢?我們試比對幾個譯本:
願永恆主以喜悅的臉看你,將平安興隆安排給你。(呂振中譯本)
The Lord lift up his countenance upon you and give you peace. (NET)
The Lord lift up his countenance upon thee, and give thee peace. (KJV)
the Lord turn his face toward you and give you peace. (NIV)
the Lord look kindly on you and give you peace. (NEB)
May the Lord look on you with favor and give you peace. (GNT)
原來「仰臉」就是 "lift up his countenance",是望、施恩的意思。不過,NET 有段譯注值得參考一下:
63tn The last line of the blessing also has first the image and then the parallel interpretation—for God to lift up his face is for God to give peace. The idea of the fallen face is one of anger (see Gen 4:6, 7); and the idea of the hidden face is that of withholding support, favor, or peace (see Deut 31:18; Pss 30:7; 44:24). If God lifts his face toward his people, it means he has given them peace—peace, prosperity, completeness, health, safety, general well-being, and the like.
譯注提出與臉的形象相關的三組短語:
- lift up his face——仰臉
- fallen face——變了臉色(和合本、呂振中譯本)/垂頭喪氣(新譯本)(〈創世記〉4:6, 7)
- hidden face——掩面(〈申命記〉31:18)
這三組短語實在不好翻譯。
「仰臉」,無疑難解。「變了臉色」的確較「垂頭喪氣」符合該隱的人物性格,但「拉長著臉」或許更生動。至於「掩面」,中文本義是「遮住面孔、羞慚貌」,常用配搭詞組是「掩面大哭」、「掩面失色」。
如果我們賦與「掩面」有「不顧、無視」的意思,那麼以字面對應 lift up 的「仰臉」來表達「眷顧」的意思也算順理成章。若再探究下去,怕又是直譯跟意譯之爭了。
引用的英文譯本:
- NET: New English Translation
- KJV: King James Version
- NIV: New International Version
- NEB: New English Bible
- GNT: Good News Translation
延伸閱讀:
- 陳耀南.〈上帝永不祝福〉,《明報月刊》二零一一年五月號。
- 〈何以「賜福」的神被降為「祝福」的神?〉,聖言資源中心,2019-04-29。
- 謝道泉.〈要為人祝福〉,《金燈臺》第 158 期(2012.3)。